Making Justice Visible

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Making Justice Visible
War Crimes Trials, Media and Memory after World War II
Editors: Leiserowitz, Ruth | Malinauskaitė, Gintarė | Vitkus, Hektoras
Einzelveröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau, Vol. 45
(2022)
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Inwieweit haben Medien die Wahrnehmung der Kriegsverbrecherprozesse und der historischen Narrative des Zweiten Weltkriegs, die im Mittelpunkt dieser Verfahren standen, gestaltet? Wurde die Medienberichterstattung von der politischen Agenda beeinflusst und durch ideologische Zwänge der jeweiligen Länder geprägt? Welche Erinnerungen an die Vergangenheit wurden durch die Medienberichterstattung wiedergewonnen oder ausgeschlossen? Welche Geschichte der Nachkriegsjustiz konzipierten Journalisten, Filmemacher und andere Medienakteure? Erinnern wir uns bis heute an diese Kriegsverbrecherprozesse so, wie die Medien es sich vorgestellt haben? Dieser Band befasst sich mit der vielschichtigen Geschichte von Kriegsverbrecherprozessen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und analysiert Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Recht, Medien und Erinnerung. Er versammelt Artikel anerkannter Wissenschaftler und von Nachwuchsforschern, die ein breites Spektrum internationaler Perspektiven bieten. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf ausgewählten Kriegsverbrecherprozessen in der Sowjetunion, Polen, Jugoslawien sowie Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Autoren erörtern, wie Medien die Kriegsverbrecherprozesse, die nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg stattfanden, in verschiedenem Licht dargestellt haben. Durch den Fokus auf diese Prozesse als medial vermittelte Ereignisse zeigen sie auf, wie die Medien diese Gerichtsverfahren für ein größeres Publikum übersetzten und die Rechtsgrundsätze der Justizsysteme präsentierten.How much has media shaped the perception of war crimes trials and the historical narratives of World War II that were at the center of those proceedings? Has media reporting been influenced by political agenda and affected by the ideological constraints of the corresponding countries? What memories of the past have been recovered or excluded by media coverage? What history of postwar justice was conceived by the work of journalists, filmmakers and other media actors? Do we remember those war crimes trials to this day the way media have envisioned for us to recall them? This volume addresses the multifaceted history of war crimes trials after World War II and analyzes the interrelationship of law, media and memory. It brings together articles of recognized and emerging scholars, offering a wide range of international perspectives. The spotlight is on selected war crimes trials in the Soviet Union, Poland, Yugoslavia, and East and West Germany. The authors discuss how media (mis)represented war crimes trials that took place after World War II. By focusing on these trials as mediated events, the volume shows how media translated those legal proceedings for larger audiences and portrayed the legal principles of the analyzed judicial systems.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Table of Contents | 5 | ||
Ruth Leiserowitz / Gintarė Malinauskaitė / Hektoras Vitkus: Introduction: War crimes trials, media and memory after World War II | 9 | ||
The articles of this volume | 28 | ||
I. Remaining Beyond the Public: The Early Post-War Trials in Germany | 39 | ||
Edith Raim: East and West German prosecutions of Nazi crimes and public reactions | 41 | ||
Part One: Legal conditions | 43 | ||
Part Two: Statistical survey of trials in East and West Germany | 48 | ||
Part Three: The prosecution of Holocaust crimes in Lithuania by postwar courts in East and West Germany | 53 | ||
Part Four: Public reactions and long-term impact | 60 | ||
II. Making Justice Public in the Communist Regimes: The Soviet Union, East Germany and Poland | 67 | ||
Zigmas Vitkus: Paneriai. Mass executions in the mirror of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission and the press (1944–1945) | 69 | ||
Introduction | 69 | ||
Literature review | 70 | ||
Archival sources and methods | 73 | ||
The establishment of the Commission in Moscow | 73 | ||
The beginning of the survey in Paneriai | 77 | ||
The Commission in Paneriai: The number of victims | 79 | ||
The Commission’s final report: Motives for the mass murder according to the Soviets | 81 | ||
The meeting in Paneriai: ‘Paneriai is a common graveyard’ | 83 | ||
Paneriai in the press: Jews ‘after the comma’ | 86 | ||
The final Communiqué: No Jews | 90 | ||
Conclusions | 92 | ||
Gintarė Malinauskaitė: Soviet (in)justice goes abroad. The 1964 Klaipėda war crimes trial and media warfare in the USA | 95 | ||
Introduction | 95 | ||
The Holocaust and its aftermath in Skuodas: Contextualizing the mass murder, perpetrators and local community | 98 | ||
The 1964 Klaipėda trial: Historical and legal contexts | 103 | ||
Mediated Soviet war crimes jurisprudence: The presentation and reception of the 1964 Klaipėda trial in the US | 111 | ||
Conclusions | 126 | ||
Łukasz Jasiński: Polish and East German press coverage of war crimes trials during the 1950s and 1960s. An attempt at a comparison | 129 | ||
Introduction | 129 | ||
The late 1950s and the case of Erich Koch | 134 | ||
Narrative concerning the Central Office in Ludwigsburg | 138 | ||
The Auschwitz trial and its press coverage | 141 | ||
Propaganda campaign and the show trial of Hans Globke | 145 | ||
The trials in the ‘anti-fascist’ GDR: The case of Josef Blösche | 148 | ||
Conclusion | 150 | ||
Jakub Muchowski: The Eichmann trial and Polish memory cultures in the 1960s | 153 | ||
Introduction | 153 | ||
‘We already know it’ and uncontrolled memory return | 156 | ||
Psychological portrait of the war criminal | 163 | ||
The nature of evil | 167 | ||
Images of perpetrators | 169 | ||
Conclusion | 171 | ||
III. Staging Justice: Dramaturgy of War Crimes Trials in East Germany, Poland and the Soviet Union | 173 | ||
Annette Weinke: Defensive visual justice. Strategies of mediatization in early Nazi trials in East Germany | 175 | ||
A permanent ‘problem child’? Historicizing East German investigations against war criminals | 178 | ||
Idiosyncrasies of Nazi investigations in postwar East Germany | 184 | ||
The Dresden doctors’ trial of 1947 | 186 | ||
The Görlitz show trial of 1948 | 188 | ||
1) Court design and the role of the judiciary | 192 | ||
2) Visualization of guilt | 193 | ||
3) The ambiguities of atrocity forensics | 194 | ||
Conclusion | 196 | ||
Justas Stončius: Allusions to the Holocaust. The construction of Soviet Lithuanian documentary films about war crimes trials | 197 | ||
Introduction | 197 | ||
The Holocaust in Soviet documentary films about war crimes trials | 199 | ||
Holocaust allusions in feature films | 210 | ||
Conclusion | 214 | ||
Katja S. Baumgärtner: The female gaze and agency in court. Wacław Florkowski’s and Danuta Brzosko-Mędryk’s feature film Zagrożenie [Danger], Poland 1976 | 217 | ||
Four authentic voices | 219 | ||
The trial in the media: The meaning of voyeurism | 223 | ||
Gazes in the courtroom | 225 | ||
Traumatic memories in court and on film | 229 | ||
Courage: Taking on the witness’ own view | 232 | ||
Concluding thoughts | 235 | ||
IV. The Intersection of Politics, Law, Memory and the Media: Internationalization of War Crimes Trials in Yugoslavia, West Germany, Poland, Turkey and Lithuania | 239 | ||
Klara Muhle-Szumski: Draža Mihailović before the tribunal. Entangled media narratives and internal discussions in Yugoslavia, Great Britain and the US | 241 | ||
Introduction | 241 | ||
Part I: Mihailović in the West and in Yugoslavia | 245 | ||
Part II: The postwar situation in Yugoslavia | 247 | ||
Part III: 24 March: The declaration of Mihailović’s capture | 250 | ||
Part IV: The Yugoslav response to the American note – ‘A serious historical error’ | 253 | ||
Part V: The ‘alternative trial’ in the US | 255 | ||
Part VI: ‘In the name of the people’: The tribunal | 257 | ||
Conclusion | 260 | ||
Paulina Gulińska-Jurgiel: Coming to terms with NS crimes. A case study on media reports and real experience from Poland and West Germany in the 1960s | 263 | ||
Introduction | 263 | ||
The Cold War, the mass media and Polish–West German relations and war crimes | 264 | ||
Protagonists between the mass media and silence | 267 | ||
Cooperation between the media and the backstage | 269 | ||
Conclusions | 277 | ||
Hülya Tuncor: Creating a cosmopolitan memory? The reception of the Eichmann trial in the Turkish print media in the 1960s | 279 | ||
Theoretical Frame | 279 | ||
Transnationality and media as prerequisites for the appropriation of memory | 281 | ||
The Turkish newspaper … but which one? | 283 | ||
Simultaneities: Locating the Eichmann trial within national and international historical events | 284 | ||
From the global to the local | 285 | ||
Example: Reporting on 8 April 1961 | 288 | ||
Conclusion | 291 | ||
Anne Klein: Historical justice through democratic action. French Holocaust survivors and the Lischka trial in Cologne (1971–1980) | 293 | ||
Introduction | 293 | ||
1. Politico-juridical barriers in the society of West German perpetrators | 297 | ||
2. Democratic action of Holocaust survivors for historical justice | 305 | ||
Postscript | 314 | ||
Vygantas Vareikis: The course of the prosecution and judgment of Aleksandras Lileikis in Lithuania | 319 | ||
Introduction | 319 | ||
Complications with the Aleksandras Lileikis case in the US | 324 | ||
Controversy over the Aleksandras Lileikis case (1995–1997) | 326 | ||
From the year of Vilna Gaon to 2000 | 334 | ||
Concluding remarks | 336 | ||
Contributors | 338 | ||
Abbreviations | 342 | ||
Index of Persons | 345 |